American Psychological Association. 1986. Guidelines for ethical conduct in the care and use of animals. Journal of Experimental Animal Behavior 45:127–132.
American Veterinary Medical Association. 1987. Colloquium on recognition and alleviation of animal pain and distress. JAVMA 191(10): 1184–1296.
Anonymous. 2002. Pain and distress in research animals: A panel of experts debates the issues. Lab Animal 31(1): 34–42.
Archer, J. 1979. Animals Under Stress. London: Edward Arnold.
Baker, R.M., Burrell, J.H. and Rose, M.A. 1994. Effective animal experimentation ethics committees. The Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART).
Baker, R.M., Einstein, R., Mellor, D.J. and Rose, M.A. 1994. Animals and science in the twenty-first century: new technologies and challenges. The Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART).
Baker, R.M., Jenkin, G. and Mellor, D.J. 1994. Improving the well-being of animals in the research environment. The Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART).
Baker, R.M., Mellor, D.J. and Nichol, A.M. 1994. Animal welfare in the twenty-first century: ethical, educational and scientific challenges. The Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART).
Bateson, P. April 1992. Do Animals Feel Pain? New Scientist pp. 30–33.
Baumans,V., Brain, P.F., Brugere, H., et al. 1994. Pain and distress in laboratory rodents and lagomorphs. Report of the FELASA Working Group on Pain and Distress. Lab Animal 28:97–112.
Brain, L. 1963. Animals and pain. New Scientist 19:380–81.
British Veterinary Association. 1985. Proceedings of a Symposium: The Detection and Relief of Pain in Animals. BVA Animal Welfare Foundation (UK).
BVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW. 1993a. Removal of Blood from Laboratory Animals. Laboratory Animals 27:1–22.
BVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW. 1993b. Refinements in rabbit husbandry. Laboratory Animals 27:301–29.
Cassell, E. 1982. The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 306:639–645.
Dawkins, M.S. 1980. Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare. London: Chapman & Hall. DeGrazia, D. and Rowan, A. 1991. Animal pain, suffering and anxiety. Journal of Theoretical Medicine12:193–211.
Dohoo, S.E. and Dohoo, I.R. 1998. Attitudes and concerns of Canadian animal health technologists toward postoperative pain management in dogs and cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal 39:492–496.
Flecknell, P.A. 1985. Recognition and alleviation of pain in animals. In: Advances in Animal Welfare Science, pp. 61–77, ed. M.W. Fox and L.D. Mickley. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Flecknell, P.A. 1994. Refinement of animal use—assessment and alleviation of pain and distress. Lab Animal 28:222–231.
Flecknell, P.A. 1997. Assessment and alleviation of post-operative pain. AWIC Newsletter 8(3–4):8–14.
Flecknell P.A. and Morton, D.B. 1991. Use of animals in research [letter]. Veterinary Record 128(22):531.
Gebhart, G.F. 1990. Recognition and alleviation of distress and stress in animals. In: Guidelines for the Well-being of Rodents in Research, ed. H.N. Guttman. Bethesda: Scientists Center for Animal Welfare.
Gray, J.A. 1987. The Psychology of Fear and Stress. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Guttman, H.N. and Mench, J.A., eds. 1989. Science and Animals: Addressing Contemporary Issues. Bethesda: Scientists Center for Animal Welfare.
Iggo, A. 1984. Pain in animals. Third Hume Memorial Lecture. 15 November 1984. Potters Bar: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare.
Kitchell, R.L., Erickson, H.H., Carstens, E., and Davis, L.E., eds. 1983. Animal Pain: Perception and Alleviation. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
Kitchen, H., Aronson, A.L, Bittle, J.L., McPherson, C.W., Morton, D.B., Pakes, S.P., Rollin, B.E., Rowan, A.N., Sechzer, J.E., Vanderlip, J.E., Will, J.A., Clark, A.S., and Gloyd, J.S. 1987. Panel report on the colloquium on recognition and alleviation of animal pain and distress. JAVMA 191(10):1186–1191.
Kuchel T.R., Rose, M. and Burrell, J., eds. 1992. Animal Pain: Ethical and scientific perspectives. Proceedings of a conference held at the Barossa Valley, Adelaide, April 1990. Australian Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Testing (ANZCCART).
Laboratory Animal Science Association (LASA). 1990. The assessment and control of the severity of scientific procedures on laboratory animals. Laboratory Animals 24:97–130.
Lewis, T. 1942. Pain. London: MacMillan.
Loew, F.M. 1987. The challenge of balancing experimental variables: Pain, distress, analgesia, and anesthesia. JAVMA 191(10):1193–1194.
Mellor, D. 1997. How can animal-based scientists demonstrate ethical integrity? In: Ethical Approaches to Animal-Based Science. Proceedings of the Joint ANZCCART/NAEAC Conference.
Mench, J. 1998. Why it is important to understand animal behavior. ILAR Journal 39(1) 20–26.
Moberg, G.P., ed. 1985. Animal Stress. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
Morton, D.B. 1995. Advances in Refinement in Animal Experimentation Over the Past 25 Years. ATLA 23: 812–822.
Morton, D.B. and Townsend, P. 1995. Chapter 13: Dealing with adverse effects and suffering during animal research. In: Laboratory Animals—an Introduction for Experimenters, 2nd ed, pp. 215–231, ed. A.A. Tuffery. Wiley & Sons Ltd. England.
National Research Council. 1992. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Olfert, E.D. 1995. Defining an acceptable endpoint in invasive experiments. AWIC Newsletter 6(1):3–7.
Phillips, Mary T. 1993. Savages, Drunks, and Lab Animals: The Researcher's Perception of Pain. Society & Animals: Social Scientific Studies of the Human Experience of Other Animals. ISSN 1063–1119. Ed. Kenneth Shapiro and Arnold Arluke. White Horse Press.
Rollin, B.E. 1985. Animal pain. In: Advances in Animal Welfare Science 1985–86, pp. 91–109, ed. M.W. Fox and Mickley, L.D. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Rollin, B.E. 1987. Animal pain, scientific ideology, and the reappropriation of common sense. JAVMA 191 (10):1222–1226.
Rollin, B.E. and Kesel, M.L., eds. 1990. The Experimental Animals in Biomedical Research, Volume 1: A Survey of Scientific and Ethical Issues for Investigators. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Rollin, B.E. 1997. Pain and ideology in human and veterinary medicine. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small Animal) 12(2):56–60.
Rowan, A.N. and Moore, D.E. 1991. Refinement and Rodents: a Report Concerning the Well-Being of Laboratory Rodents. Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy.
Selye, H. 1974. Stress without distress. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
Short, C.E. and Van Poznak, A. 1992. Animal Pain. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
Smith, J. and Boyd, K., eds. 1991. Lives in the Balance: the Ethics of Using Animals in Biomedical Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, J.A. 1991. A Question of Pain in Invertebrates. Institute of Lab Animal Resources (ILAR) 33(1–2):25–31.
Spinelli, J.S. and Morrish, R.M. 1987. Pain and discomfort: how to recognize and manage pain associated with animal research. Investigative Radiology 22(4):348–352.
Spinelli, J.S. 1995. Unpleasant animal sensations: concepts and issues. Paper presented at PRIM&R Conference, Animal Research and Care: Changes and Challenges for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, 13 March 1995.
Stephens, M., Mendoza, P., Weaver, A., and Hamilton, T. (1998).Unrelieved pain and distress in animals: An analysis of USDA data on experimental procedures. JAAWS 1(1):15–26.
Stephens, M.L., Alvino, G.M. and Branson, J.B. 2002. Animal pain and distress in vaccine testing in the United States in Advancing Science and Elimination of the Use of Laboratory Animals for Development and Control of Vaccines and Hormones. F. Brown, C. Hendriksen, D. Sesardic, and K. Cusseler (eds).
Stephens, M.L., Conlee, K., Alvino, G., Rowan, A.N. Possibilities for refinement and reduction: future improvements within regulatory testing. ILAR Journal 43:S74–79.
Vierck, C.J., Jr. 1976. Extrapolations from the pain research literature to problems of adequate veterinary care. JAVMA 168(6):510–513.
Wall, P.D. and Melzack, R., eds. 1993. Textbook of Pain, 3rd edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Wallace, J., Sanford, J., Smith, M.W. and Spencer, K.V. 1990. The assessment and control of the severity of scientific procedures on laboratory animals. Report of the Laboratory Animal Science Association Working Party. Laboratory Animals 24:97–130.
Wright, E.M., Marcella, K.L. and Woodson, J.F. 1985. Animal pain: evaluation and control. Lab Animal 14(4):20–36.
Zimmermann, M. 1982. Ethical guidelines for investigation of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 16:109–110.
